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Glossary – Battery Manufacturing

Browse key terms across mining, materials, characterization, cell manufacturing, modules, and packs using either the category tabs or the search box.

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Lithium

Lithium Brine
Spodumene
Lepidolite
Lithium Carbonate (Li₂CO₃)
Lithium Hydroxide (LiOH)

Cobalt

Cobalt Ore
Cobalt Sulfate

Nickel

Nickel Ore
Nickel Sulfide Ore
Nickel Laterite Ore
Nickel Sulfate (NiSO₄)

Iron

Iron Ore
Iron Oxide (Fe₂O₃)
Iron(II) Oxalate Dihydrate (FeC₂O₄·2H₂O)

Phosphate

Phosphate Rock
Phosphoric Acid (H₃PO₄)
Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate (NH₄H₂PO₄)
Lithium Phosphate (Li₃PO₄)

Aluminum

Bauxite Ore
Alumina (Al₂O₃)
Aluminum Foil

Copper

Copper Ore
Copper Concentrate and Smelting
Copper Foil

Mining Technology

Open-Pit Mining
Underground Mining
Evaporative Extraction
Flotation
Heap Leaching
High-Pressure Acid Leaching (HPAL)
Bayer Process (Aluminum Refining)
Acid/Alkaline Roasting + Leaching
Beneficiation

Cathode Materials

NMC (Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide)
Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LiCoO2)
Lithium Iron Phosphate(LiFePO4)
Lithium Manganese Oxide(LiMn2O4)
Sulfur (for Li-S batteries)

Anode Materials

Natural Graphite
Artificial Graphite
Silicon Anode
Lithium Metal Anode

Electrolytes

Liquid Electrolyte
Lithium Hexafluorophosphate (LiPF₆)
Lithium Bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI)
Carbonate Solvents
Additives
Solid-State Electrolyte
Oxide Electrolytes
Sulfide Electrolytes (e.g., LGPS – Li₁₀GeP₂S₁₂)
Phosphate Electrolytes (e.g., NASICON – Li₁.₃Al₀.₃Ti₁.₇(PO₄)₃)
Polymer Electrolytes (e.g., PEO-LiTFSI)
Composite Electrolytes

Binders

Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF)
Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC)
Styrene-Butadiene Rubber(SBR)
Polyacrylic Acid(PAA)
Polyimide(PI)

Separators

Polyethylene (PE) Separator
Polypropylene (PP) Separator
Multilayer Separators
Ceramic-Coated Separators
Polyimide (PI) Separator
Nonwoven Separators

Conductive Agents

Carbon Black
Carbon Nanotubes / Graphene

Battery Materials Manufacturing

Co-precipitation
Calcination
Sintering
Lithiation
Spray Drying
Milling
Surface Coating
Carbon Coating
Doping

Physical & Structural Analysis

Particle Size Distribution
Morphology
Surface Roughness
Thickness Measurement
Porosity
Density

Chemical Composition

Elemental Analysis (EDS, XRF)
Spectroscopy (FTIR, Raman, XPS, EELS, ICP-MS, ToF-SIMS, NMR, DEMS)
Impurity Analysis

Crystallographic & Phase Analysis

X-ray Diffraction (XRD)
EBSD
Phase Identification
Grain Orientation
SAED, 4D-STEM, Strain Analysis

Electrochemical Characterization

Cyclic Voltammetry
Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS)
Charge-Discharge Profiling
Galvanostatic Cycling, In-situ TEM/SEM

Thermal & Mechanical Testing

TGA, DSC
Nanoindentation
Compression/Tensile Testing
In-situ Mechanical & Thermal Analysis (TEM/SEM/AFM)

Imaging & Microscopy

SEM, STEM, AFM, X-ray CT
Optical Microscopy
FIB-SEM

Slurry Making

Active Material
Binder
Conductive Additive
Solvent
Slurry
Solid Content
Dispersion
Rheology
Viscosity

Electrode Coating

Coating Thickness
Doctor Blade
Wet Coating/processing
Dry Coating/processing
Current Collector
Uniformity

Drying

Evaporation
Drying Oven
Residual Solvent
Porosity
Tortuosity

Calendering

Calendering
Roller Gap
Density
Surface Finish

Cutting

Die Cutting
Laser Cutting
Tab
Edge Quality

Cell Assembly

Stacking
Winding
Separator
Electrode Alignment
Jelly Roll
Pouch Cells
Cylindrical Cells
Prismatic Cells
Welds

Electrolyte Injection

Electrolyte
Injection Port
Vacuum Filling
Soaking

Cell Formation

Formation Cycle
SEI Layer
Cycling
Voltage Profiling

Aging

Aging Time
Self-Discharge
Capacity Retention

Typing

Cell Typing
Grading
Impedance
Open-Circuit Voltage
State of Charge

Cell Interconnection

Busbar
Series Connection
Parallel Connection
Tab Welding
Electrical Conductivity
Contact Resistance

Design and Structure

Cell Spacing
Module Enclosure
Thermal Interface Material
Compression
Module Insulation

Thermal Management

Cooling Plate
Active Cooling
Passive Cooling
Temperature Sensor
Thermal Runaway Mitigation

Safety

Fusible Link
Cell Venting
Fire Retardant
Electromagnetic Shielding

Testing and Validation

Module Balancing
State of Health
Thermal Imaging
End-of-Line Testing

Pack Assembly

Battery Pack
Pack Housing
Structural Reinforcement
Harness
Busbar Insulation

Battery Management System (BMS)

BMS
Cell Monitoring Unit
State of Charge
Overcurrent Protection
Balancing Circuit
Disconnect Switch

Cooling and Thermal Management

Heat Sink
Coolant Loop
Phase Change Material
Air Cooling
Thermal Runaway Protections

Electrical Connections

High Voltage Interconnect
Low Voltage Wiring
Battery Terminal

Safety and Protection

Pack Fuse
Ventilation System
Short Circuit Protection
IP Rating

Testing and Validation

Electrical Load Testing
Thermal Cycling
Vibration Test
Shock Test
Pack Certification

Integration into Systems

Pack Mounting System
Power Electronics Integration
CAN Bus Communication
Charge Port